Why HPV matters

HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for nearly 70 % of cervical cancers. The virus also causes the majority of anal cancers and a substantial proportion of cancers of the throat, penis, vulva and vagina. In 2023, an estimated 1,550 new cases of cervical cancer and 400 deaths occurred in Canada. Infection is extremely common—most sexually active people will contract HPV at some point—but the consequences can be severe when the virus persists.

Prevention through vaccination and screening

The good news is that HPV is preventable. The 9 valent vaccine protects against seven high risk types that cause about 90 % of cervical cancers and two low risk types that cause 90 % of anogenital warts. Canada recommends vaccination for people aged 9–45; it is widely available through school programs and public health clinics. Coverage rates are encouraging—around 86 % of 14 year old girls and 81 % of boys have received at least one dose—but more work is needed to reach all young people and adults.

Vaccination does not replace screening. Cervical cancer screening detects precancerous changes so they can be treated before cancer develops. Even vaccinated individuals need regular screening. Talk to your health care provider about the appropriate intervals for Pap tests or HPV testing, which vary by age and jurisdiction. Condom use reduces but does not eliminate risk; HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom. Limiting the number of sexual partners and avoiding smoking may also reduce risk, as smoking impairs immune response.

Community action

During HPV Prevention Week, consider checking your own vaccine status and encouraging friends and family to do the same. Parents can ensure their children complete the full vaccine series before high school graduation. Adults who missed the vaccine as adolescents can still benefit—speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Support local public health efforts by sharing credible information from the Public Health Agency of Canada and cancer foundations. Finally, participate in cervical cancer screening programs; early detection saves lives.

Eliminating cervical cancer is within reach. The tools—vaccination, screening, safe sexual practices and community engagement—are available. By taking advantage of these measures during HPV Prevention Week and beyond, Canadians can protect themselves and future generations from HPV related cancers and help realise a cervical cancer free future.

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